Staff Profile

Area of expertise

• Forensic Psychiatry
• Developmental Psychiatry
• Health Services Research
• Criminal Justice System

I completed my PhD in Forensic Psychiatry in 2015.  My research areas are the interface between the criminal justice system and mental health services, the use of the mental health act and improving the involvement of people with mental health and developmental disorders in research.

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RESEARCH FUNDING

• March 2022: NIHR Applied Research Collaborative (ARC) North East & North Cumbria (co-applicant). Understanding and addressing the cycle of housing instability for people with intellectual disabilities in NENC: A whole systems evaluation of knowledge equality. Amount awarded £59,440
• January 2022: Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Charity (supervisor for Dr Tiago Costa). Depression in patients with heart failure: assessing quality of life, and association with fatigue and autonomic function Amount awarded £11,547
• November 2021: AMC Starter Grants (supervisor for Dr Susannah Mills) - Mixed-methods study to generate evidence to inform weight management interventions in adult secure care mental health inpatient settings. Amount awarded £29,995
• September 2021: ESRC Research Grants Open Call (co-applicant) - What is 'Equivalence' in Police Custody Healthcare? – with Gethin Rees (Newcastle University). Amount awarded £711,000
• June 2020: NIHR Research Capability Funding 2020/21 round (co-applicant with Simon Hackett) – Northumberland Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust - .  Successful - £8,601
• March 2017: NIHR Research Capability Funding 2017/18 round (co-applicant with Jahnese Hamilton) – Northumberland Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust - RCF1718-06.  Successful - £17,604
• Jan 2016.  N8 Catalyst Grant - Exploring Novel Psychoactive Substance (NPS) use and its consequences for police practitioners and substance users in the North East of England.  Amount £23,473.60.
• March 2014.  NIHR Research Capability Funding Call.  Application to support the implementation phase of the Health Screening in Police Custody (HELP-PC) project.  Funding successful: 17 months of funding secured for 2 Consultant Programmed Activities per week.  Amount £18,815
• May 2013. NHS England (London): Bid for Liaison and Diversion Non-Recurrent Funding 2013-14 – Amount awarded £150,000.
• February 2011 – April 2014. NIHR Doctoral Research Fellowship – Health Morbidity and Screening in Police Custody. Amount awarded £289,000

• Articles

  • Mills S, Kaner E, Ramsay S, McKinnon I. What are the key influences and challenges around weight management faced by patients in UK adult secure mental health settings? A focused ethnographic approach. BMJ Open 2024, 14(3), e079406.
  • Mills S, Kaner E, Ramsay S, McKinnon I. Understanding weight management in adult secure mental health services: findings from a mixed-methods study in Northern England. The Journal of Forensic Practice 2024, 26(2), 100-113.
  • Jayakody K, McKinnon I, Cousins DA. Staff observational differences between depressive disorders and personality disorders. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 2024, epub ahead of print.
  • McKinnon I, Iranpour A, Charlton A, Green E, Groom F, Watts O, McKenna D, Hackett S. Models of care in secure services for people with intellectual and developmental disability: Implementing the Walkway to Wellness. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health 2024, 34(2), 144-162.
  • Wigham S, Melvin E, Lester J, Bourne J, Harris M, McKinnon I, Hackett S. Factors associated with the identification of mental health conditions among people with learning disabilities in primary care: A scoping review. British Journal of Learning Disabilities 2024, 52(1), 36-53.
  • Crole-Rees C, Tomlin J, Kalebic N, Argent S, Berrington C, Chaplin E, Davies J, Hoskins M, James L, Jarrett M, John O, Jones L, Kothari R, Kretzschmar I, MacManus D, Martin M, McKinnon I, OConnor G, Phillips M, Poole R, Popovica I, Simpson A, Taylor P, Wigham S, Forrester A. An optimal trauma-informed pathway for PTSD, complex PTSD and other mental health and psychosocial impacts of trauma in prisons: an expert consensus statement. Psychology, Crime & Law 2024, 22.
  • McKinnon I, Whitehouse E, Harris M, Ciausu V, McCarthy J, Sheehan R. A UK wide survey of Community Forensic Services for Adults with Intellectual Disability and/or Autism. BJPsych Open 2024, 10(5), e148.
  • Chaplin E, McCarthy J, Marshall-Tate K, Ali S, Harvey D, Childs J, Xenitidis K, Srivastava S, McKinnon I, Robinson L, Allely CS, Hardy S, Forrester A. A realist evaluation of an enhanced court-based liaison and diversion service for defendants with neurodevelopmental disorders. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health 2024, 34(2), 117-133.
  • Tarn J, Evans E, Traianos E, Collins A, Stylianou M, Parikh J, Bai Y, Guan Y, Frith J, Lendrem D, Macrae V, McKinnon I, Simon BS, Blake J, Baker M, Taylor J-P, Watson S, Gallagher P, Blamire A, Newton J, Ng W-F. The Effects Of Non-Invasive Vagus Nerve Stimulation on Fatigue In Participants With Primary Sjögren's Syndrome. Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface 2023, 26(3), 681-689.
  • McKinnon I, Moore J, Lyall A, Forrester A. Screening for mental disorders in the police custody setting. BJPsych Advances 2023, 29(6), 407-416.
  • Lyall A, Austin H, Alder R, Wild G, Reid K, McKinnon I. Pre-release Risk Assessments: Pilot Study of a Novel Tool in One Police Station in the North East of England. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice 2023, 17, 1-10.
  • Wolstenholme N, McKinnon I, Lloyd AJ. Factors that influence psychiatric trainees' choice of higher training specialty: mixed-methods study. BJPsych Bulletin 2023, 47(3), 171-177.
  • Wild G, Alder R, Weich S, McKinnon I, Keown P. The Penrose hypothesis in the second half of the 20th century: investigating the relationship between psychiatric bed numbers and the prison population in England between 1960 and 2018–2019. The British Journal of Psychiatry 2022, 220(5), 295-301.
  • Chaplin E, McCarthy J, Ali S, Marshall-Tate K, Xenitidis K, Harvey D, Childs J, Srivastava S, McKinnon I, Robinson L, Allely C, Hardy S, Tolchard B, Forrester A. Severe mental illness, common mental disorders, and neurodevelopmental conditions amongst 9088 lower court attendees in London, UK. BMC Psychiatry 2022, 22, 551.
  • Dudley B, Ostrowski M, Ciausu V, Ince C, McKinnon I. Revisiting vitamin D status and supplementation for inpatients with intellectual and developmental disability in the North of England, UK. BJPsych Bulletin 2022, 46(4), 214-220.
  • Samele C, McKinnon I, Brown P, Srivastava S, Arnold A, Hallet N, Forrester A. The prevalence of mental illness and unmet needs of police custody detainees . Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health 2021, 31(2), 80-95.
  • Wigham S, McKinnon I, Reid K, Milton D, Lingam R, Rodgers J. Questionnaires used in Complex Trauma Intervention Evaluations and Consideration of their Utility for Autistic Adults with Mild Intellectual Disability: A Systematic Review. Research in Developmental Disabilities 2021, 117, 104039.
  • Chaplin E, McCarthy J, Marshall-Tate K, Ali S, Xenitidis K, Childs J, Harvey D, McKinnon I, Robinson L, Hardy S, Srivastava S, Allely C, Tolchard B, Forrester A. Evaluation of a liaison and diversion Court Mental Health Service for defendants with neurodevelopmental disorders. Research in Developmental Disabilities 2021, 119, 104103.
  • McKenna D, Murphy H, Rosenbrier C, Soulsby A, Lyall A, Keown P, Reid K, McKinnon I. Referrals to a Mental Health Criminal Justice Liaison and Diversion team in the North East of England. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology 2019, 30(2), 301-321.
  • Keown P, McKenna D, Murphy H, McKinnon I. Offenders with mental disorders in prison and the courts: links to rates of civil detentions and the number of psychiatric beds in England – longitudinal data from 1984 to 2016. BJ Psych Open 2019, 5(6), e93.
  • McKinnon I, Lewis T, Mehta N, Imrit S, Thorp J, Ince C. Vitamin D in patients with intellectual and developmental disability in secure in-patient services in the North of England, UK. BJPsych Bulletin 2018, 42(1), 24-29.
  • Addison M, Stockdale K, McGovern R, McGovern W, McKinnon I, Crowe L, Hogan L, Kaner E. Exploring intersections between Novel Psychoactive Substances (NPS) and other substance use in a police custody suite setting in the North East of England. Drugs: Education, Prevention & Policy 2018, 25(4), 313-319.
  • McKinnon I, Finch T. Contextualising health screening risk assessments in police custody suites – qualitative evaluation from the HELP-PC study in London, UK. BMC Public Health 2018, 18, 393.
  • Keown P, Murphy H, McKenna D, McKinnon I. Changes in the use of the Mental Health Act 1983 in England 1984/85 to 2015/16. British Journal of Psychiatry 2018, 213(4), 595-599.
  • Taylor JL, McKinnon I, Thorpe I, Gillmer BT. The impact of Transforming Care on the care and safety of patients with learning disabilities and forensic needs. BJPsych Bulletin 2017, 41(4), 205-208.
  • McKinnon I, Keown P, Brown P. Street triage - a collaboration between police and mental health services to help vulnerable people in mental health crises. Public Sector Focus 2017, (8).
  • Hamilton J, Ingham B, McKinnon I, Parr J, Tam L, Le Couter A. Mental capacity to consent to research? Experiences of consenting adults with intellectual disabilities and/or autism to research. British Journal of Learning Disabilities 2017, 45(4), 230-237.
  • McKinnon I, Hayes A, Grubin D. Health characteristics of older police custody detainees in London, UK. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology 2017, 28(3), 331-340.
  • Keown P, French J, Gibson G, Newton E, Cull S, Brown P, Parry J, Lyons D, McKinnon I. Too much detention? Street Triage and detentions under Section 136 Mental Health Act in the North-East of England: a descriptive study of the effects of a Street Triage intervention. BMJ Open 2016, 6(11), e011837.
  • McKinnon I, Thorp J, Grubin D. Improving the detection of detainees with suspected intellectual disability in police custody. Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities 2015, 9(4), 174-185.
  • McKinnon I, Grubin D. Evidence-Based Risk Assessment Screening in Police Custody: The HELP-PC Study in London, UK. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice 2014, 8(2), 174-182.
  • McKinnon I, Srivastava S, Kaler G, Grubin D. Screening for psychiatric morbidity in police custody: results from the HELP-PC project. The Psychiatrist 2013, 37(12), 389-394.
  • McKinnon IG, Grubin D. Health screening of people in police custody - evaluation of current police screening procedures in London, UK. European Journal of Public Health 2013, 23(3), 399-405.
  • McKinnon I, Grubin D. Health screening in police custody. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine 2010, 17(4), 209-212.
  • O'Brien G, McKinnon I. Medication in people with learning disability and mental illness. Psychiatry 2009, 8(10), 413-415.
  • Sookhoo S, McKinnon I, Bushby K, Chinnery PF, Birchall D. MRI for the demonstration of subclinical muscle involvement in muscular dystrophy. Clinical Radiology 2007, 62(2), 160-165.
  • Beerachee Y, Coulson EJ, Kay NL, McKinnon IG, Sarkar L. Cigarette smoking and anxiety disorders. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 2001, 285(6), 732-732.

• Book Chapters

  • Forrester A, McKinnon I, Srivastava S. Criminal justice pathways and neurodevelopmental disorders. In: McCarthy J; Alexander R; Chaplin E, ed. Forensic Aspects of Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Clinician’s Guide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2023, pp.191-201.
  • McKinnon I, Holmes J, Shaw J. Mental Health: Suicide in the Criminal Justice System – Prevalence, Risk Factors, Prediction, and Prevention. In: Payne-James, J and Byard, RW, ed. Encyclopedia of Forensic and Legal Medicine. Oxford: Elsevier, 2015, pp.552-558.
  • Mohammed Z, McKinnon I. Medication alerts in electronic patient records. In: Oakley, C; Coccia, F; Masson, N; McKinnon, I; Simmons, M, ed. 101 Recipes for Audit in Psychiatry. London, UK: RCPsych Publications, 2011, pp.127-128.

• Conference Proceedings (inc. Abstracts)

  • McKinnon I, Rees G. What Is "Equivalence" of Healthcare in Police Custody? An Evaluation of Police Custody Healthcare in the United Kingdom. In: XXXVIIIth International Congress on Law and Mental Health. 2024, Barcelona, Spain: International Academy of Law and Mental Health.
  • McKinnon I, Keown P. The Penrose Hypothesis in the Second Half of the Twentieth Century: An Investigation into the Relationship Between Psychiatric Bed Numbers and the Prison Population in England Between 1960 and 2018/19. In: XXXVIIIth International Congress on Law and Mental Health. 2024, Barcelona, Spain: International Academy of Law and Mental Health.
  • O'Loughlin A, McKinnon I. Living in a Gap: Restricted Patients Deprived of Their Liberty in the Community. In: XXXVIIIth International Congress on Law and Mental Health. 2024, Barcelona, Spain: International Academy of Law and Mental Health.
  • Chaplin E, McCarthy J, Marshall-Tate K, Ali S, Harvey D, Childs J, Xenitidis K, Srivastava S, McKinnon I, Robinson L, Allely C, Hardy S, Forrester A. A Realist Evaluation of an Enhanced Court Based Liaison & Diversion Service for defendants with Neurodevelopmental Disorders. In: XXXVIIIth International Congress on Law and Mental Health. 2024, Barcelona, Spain: International Academy of Law and Mental Health.
  • Keown P, McKinnon I, Rajkumar RP. The shift from psychiatric hospitals to prison. In: WASP/RCPsych World Congress - Recovery from mental illness: challenges and solutions from across the globe. 2023, Royal College of Psychiatrists, Prescott Street, London, UK and online: Royal College of Psychiatrists.
  • Kennedy H, McKinnon I, Stanley C, Davoren M. Models of care in forensic mental health services and NHS Trusts: developing, implementing and evaluating the model. In: RCPsych Faculty of Forensic Psychiatry Conference 2023. 2023, Brighton, UK: Royal College of Psychiatrists.
  • Moore J, Evans E, Rauf S, Groom F, Whitehouse E, McKinnon I. Health Screening of People in Police Custody (HELP-PC) Phase 4. Evaluation of the HELP-PC police risk assessment screen in the North of England. In: RCPsych Faculty of Forensic Psychiatry Conference 2023. 2023, Brighton, UK: Royal College of Psychiatrists.
  • McKinnon I, Vilar G, Martins M, Vieira F. Dilemas atuais na Psiquiatria Forense. In: IV Encontro das Secções da Sociedade Portuguesa de Psiquiatria e Saúde Mental (SPPSM). 2023, Lisbon.
  • Anderson D, McKinnon I. Accessing forensic services: Who becomes forensic?. In: Forensic mental health aspects of intellectual disability and autism: An update. 2023, Online: Royal Society of Medicine.
  • McKinnon I, Chaplin E, Dehaghani R. Offenders with intellectual and developmental disability in police custody and in the courts: practice, interventions and the law. In: Royal College of Psychiatrists International Congress. 2022, Edinburgh, UK: Royal College of Psychiatrists.
  • McKinnon I, Wigham S, Reid K, Milton D, Lingam R, Rodgers J. Utility of Complex Trauma Questionnaires for Adults on the Autism Spectrum with Mild Intellectual Disability: A Systematic Review. In: International Society for Autism Research Annual Meeting (INSAR). 2021, Virtual: INSAR.
  • Watts O, McKenna D, Charlton A, Hackett S, McKinnon I. The Walkway to Wellness – redesigning and embedding secure care services for offenders with intellectual and developmental disabilities using Normalization Process Theory. In: Faculty of Psychiatry of Intellectual Disability Conference. 2021, Online: Royal College of Psychiatrists.
  • Costa T, Haworth E, Kenny R, McKinnon I, McAllister-Williams RH. Mortality associated to depression – a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol. In: Royal College of Psychiatrists Faculty of General Adult Psychiatry Annual Conference. 2020, Virtual Conference: Royal College of Psychiatrists.
  • Wolstenholme N, McKinnon I, Lloyd A. What leads Psychiatric trainees to choose a particular higher training speciality? A qualitative study of trainees’ decision making. In: Royal College of Psychiatrists International Congress. 2019, London, UK: Royal College of Psychiatrists.
  • McKinnon I, Green E, Rea E. Positive behavioural strategies and co-production in secure services – innovation and delivery. In: Faculty of Psychiatry of Intellectual Disability Annual Residential Conference. 2019, Leeds, UK: Royal College of Psychiatrists.
  • McKinnon I, Giraud-Saunders A, Bartlett A, Forrester A. People with learning disabilities who are detained in the criminal justice system and other secure environments. In: Faculty of Forensic Psychiatry Annual Conference 2018. 2018, East Midlands Conference Centre, Nottingham: Royal College of Psychiatrists.
  • Thorp J, Lewis T, Mehta N, Imrit S, Ince C, McKinnon I. Vitamin D in secure care for offenders with Intellectual and Developmental Disability; screening, correction of deficiency, and potential impacts on health. In: 16th International Conference on the Care and Treatment of Offenders with an Intellectual or Developmental Disability. 2017, Manchester, UK: The National Autistic Society.
  • McKinnon I. The Impact of Street Triage in the North East of England. In: XXXVth International Congress on Law and Mental Health. 2017, Prague, Czech Republic.
  • French J, Keown P, McKinnon I, Gibson G, Newton E, Cull S, Brown P, Parry J, Lyons D. The impact of street triage on section 136 detention in Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, England. In: International Congress of the Royal College of Psychiatrists. 2016, London.
  • Marshall I, Rosenbrier C, McKinnon I, Yordanova Y. Collaborative Risk Assessment – the Development of a Process. In: 15th International Conference on the Care and Treatment of Offenders with an Intellectual or Developmental Disability. 2016, Manchester, UK.
  • Senior J, Noga H, McKinnon I, Forrester A. UK developments in police-based mental health assessment and treatment. In: International Association of Forensic Mental Health Services: XV Annual Meeting & Conference Manchester 2015. 2015, Manchester, UK.
  • Keown P, McKinnon I. Section 136 Mental Health Act: Longitudinal Follow-Up Study. In: XXXIVth International Congress on Law and Mental Health. 2015, Sigmund Freud University Vienna, Austria: International Academy of Law and Mental Health.
  • Mehta N, Thorp J, Ince C, McKinnon I. Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency in a Forensic Intellectual and Developmental Disability Inpatient Service. In: Faculty of Psychiatry of Intellectual Disability Spring Conference 2014: ‘Neurodevelopmental Disorders’. 2014, London, UK: Royal College of Psychiatrists.
  • McKinnon I, Srivastava S, Kaler G, Grubin D. Mental disorder, vulnerability, substance misuse & physical health in police custody. Results from the Health Screening of People in Police Custody (HELP-PC) project – phase 3. In: Royal College of Psychiatrists Faculty of Forensic Psychiatry Annual Conference 2014. 2014, Belfast, UK: Royal College of Psychiatrists.
  • O'Farrell K, Joyce J, McKinnon I. Medication Monitoring for Adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. In: Royal College of Psychiatrists Faculty Psychiatry of Intellectual Disability Annual Conference 2014. 2014, Holiday Inn Hotel, Birmingham.
  • McKinnon I, Grubin D. Intellectual and developmental disability in police custody. Results from the Health Screening of People in Police Custody project. In: Royal College of Psychiatrist Faculty Psychiatry of Intellectual Disability Annual Conference 2014. 2014, Holiday Inn Hotel, Birmingham.
  • McKinnon I. Health Screening of People in Police Custody: The HELP-PC Project. In: XXXIIrd International Congress on Law and Mental Health. 2013, Amsterdam, Netherlands: International Academy of Law and Mental Health.
  • McKinnon I, Srivastava S, Kaler G, Grubin D. Health screening in police custody - Results of pilot revised health screening procedures in London, UK. In: XIIIth International Confrerence of Forensic Mental Health Services. 2013, Maastricht, Netherlands: International Association of Forensic Mental Health Services.
  • Anitema B, Hall S, Ahuja N, Preston S, Keown P, McKinnon I, Baker M, Hart Y, Cunningham M, Watson S. A pilot study of anti-NMDA receptor antibodies in psychosis. In: International Congress of the Royal College of Psychiatrists - Psychiatry: medicine and the future. 2012, Liverpool, UK: Royal College of Psychiatrists.
  • McKinnon I, Grubin D. Health in police custody. In: Faculty of Forensic Psychiatry Annual Meeting. 2009, Barcelona, Spain: Royal College of Psychiatrists.
  • McKinnon I, Robinson M, Keown P, Turnbull S, Donaldson T. Re-audit of atypical antipsychotic monitoring in a community setting. In: Faculty of General & Community Psychiatry, Annual Meeting. 2008, Manchester, UK: Royal College of Psychiatrists.

• Edited Book

  • Oakley C, Coccia F, Masson N, McKinnon I, Simmons M, ed. 101 Recipes for Audit in Psychiatry. London, UK: RCPsych Publications, 2011.

• Letters

  • McKinnon I, Keown P. The potential unintended consequences of Mental Health Act reforms in England and Wales on people with intellectual disability and/or autism. BJPsych 2023, 222(5).
  • Costa T, Bagnall A, Murray S, Bailey K, MacGowan G, Ng W-F, McKinnon I, Watson S, McAllister-Williams RH. Role of autonomic dysregulation in quality of life and functional impairment in implantable cardioverter defibrillator patients. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 2023, 171, 111390.

• Online Publications

  • McKinnon I, Ali S, Marshall-Tate K. Assessment of people with learning difficulties and disabilities in police custody. Online: Faculty of Forensic & Legal Medicine, 2021. Available at: https://fflm.ac.uk/resources/publications/recommendations-assessment-of-people-with-learning-difficulties-and-disabilities-in-police-custody/.
  • Holmes J, McKinnon I. Recommendations - Assessment of People with Learning Difficulties and Disabilities in Police Custody. London, UK: Faculty of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 2014. Available at: http://fflm.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Assessment-of-People-with-Learning-Difficulties-and-Disabilities-in-Police-Custody.pdf.
  • Impey M, Casanova-Dias M, Lydall G, McKinnon I, Masson N, Simmons M. Core Trainees' Guide to Clinical Teaching with Medical Students in Psychiatry. London, UK: Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2009. Available at: http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/docs/Clinical_teaching_by_core_trainees_August_2009.doc.

• Report

  • Addison M, Stockdale K, McGovern R, McGovern W, McKinnon I, Crowe L, Hogan L, Kaner E. Exploring Novel Psychoactive Substance (NPS) use and its consequences for police practitioners and substance users in the North East of England. N8 Policing Research Partnership, 2017.

• Review

  • McKinnon I, Thomas S, Noga H, Senior J. Police Custody Healthcare: a review of health morbidity, models of care and innovations within police custody in the UK, with international comparisons. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy 2016, 9, 213-226.