Staff Profile

Professor Chris Harding is a Consultant Urological Surgeon. He trained at the University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital Cambridge, Kings College London and Freeman Hospital Newcastle. He has a particular interest in bladder dysfunction, continence, neurourology, urinary tract infections and clinical research. He is lead for the Newcastle Urodynamic Course Faculty and Urology lead for the Department of Health Modernising Scientific Careers MSc programme. He is Chair of the European Association of Urology Guidelines Panel for Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms and also past-Chair of the executive committee of the British Association of Urological Surgeons (BAUS) Female Neurological and Urodynamic Urology subsection. He is Associate Editor of the Journal of Clinical Urology.

Roles and responsibilities

• Consultant Urological Surgeon at Freeman Hospital with sub-specialist practice in Functional and Reconstructive Urology
• Chairman, European Association of Urology Guidelines Panel (Female Non-Neurogenic Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms) 2019-present
• NIHR Speciality Group (Renal) National Benign Urology Lead 2015- present
• BAUS Section of Female, Neurological and Urodynamic Urology – Executive Committee – Chairperson 2017 – 2019, Member 2019 - present
• BAUS Research Committee – member 2018 – present
• BAUS Audit Steering Committee – member 2018 - present
• Journal of Clinical Urology Editorial Board Member 2015 – 2021, Associate Editor 2021 -present
• NHS England Working group on Trans-vaginal Mesh 2016-present
• NHS Scotland Speciality Advisor – Working group on Sacral Neuromodulation 2017
• NICE Speciality Advisor – Sacral Neuromodulation 2016, 2019
• International Consultation on Incontinence Research Society – Think Tank Lead 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019.
• International Continence Society Male LUTS Committee Member 2018 – present
• International Continence Society Urodynamics Committee Member 2019 - present
• International Continence Society Mesh Complications Committee Member 2019 - present
• UK Continence Society Urodynamic Guidelines Committee Member 2018 -present
• International Consultation on Incontinence invited member 2020 - presenU
• Cochrane Incontinence Group – Clinical Advisor 2019-present

Areas of expertise

• Recurrent Urinary Infection
• Urodynamic Science
• Continence
• Neuro-urology

 Google scholar: Click here.

Urodynamics Module Lead for MSc in Physiological Sciences

Newcastle Urodynamic Course (Course Lead)

Chief Investigator / co-Chief Investigator

• Alternatives to prophylactic antibiotics in the treatment of recurrent Urinary Tract Infection (The ALTAR Study). HTA grant (13/88/21)
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• Primary care management of lower urinary tract symptoms in men: Development and validation of a diagnostic and decision-making aid (The PriMUS Study) HTA grant (15/40/05) 
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• Hyaluronic Acid for the Treatment and Prevention of recurrent urinary tract INfections (rUTI) in women suffering atrophic vaginitis (HATPIN), Chief Investigator. Grant award £100K.
  

• Bray A, Harding C, Pickard R, Drinnan M. Individualized volume-corrected maximum flow rate correlates with outcome from bladder outlet surgery in men with lower urinary tract symptoms. International Journal of Urology 2016, 23(7), 587-592.
• Ivaz SL, Veeratterapillay R, Jackson MJ, Harding CK, Dorkin TJ, Andrich DE, Mundy AR. Intermittent self-dilatation for urethral stricture disease in males: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurourology and Urodynamics 2016, 35(7), 759-763.
• Morton H, Thorpe A, Pickard R, Harding C. Wet and Waiting: Delays in Treating Men with Post Prostatectomy Incontinence. In: Scientific Programme Annual Meeting of the International Continence Society (ICS). 2016, Tokyo, Japan: Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
• Bray A, Harding C, Pickard R, Drinnan M. A Pilot of Home Uroflowmetry in UK Primary Care. In: 45th Annual Meeting of the International Continence Society. 2015, Montreal, Canada: Wiley-Blackwell.
• Veeratterapillay R, Coates J, Leonard A, Pickard R, Drinnan M, Harding C. Detrusor after-contraction on ambulatory urodynamics in symptomatic women. International Journal of Urology 2015, 22(11), 1058-1062.
• Valdevenito JP, Leonard A, Griffiths CJ, Pickard R, Harding C. Differences in urodynamic voiding variables recorded by conventional cystometry and ambulatory monitoring in symptomatic women. International Brazilian Journal of Urology 2014, 40(5), 666-675.
• Veeratterapillay R, Harding C, Teo L, Vasdev N, Abroaf A, Dorkin TJ, Pickard RS, Hasan T, Thorpe AC. Discontinuation rates and inter-injection interval for repeated intravesical botulinum toxin type A injections for detrusor overactivity. International Journal of Urology 2014, 21(2), 175-178.
• Morton HC, Tristram Z, Smith J, Harding CK. Impact of the 'Blood in Pee' Pilot Campaign. In: British Association of Urological Surgeons Annual Meeting. 2014, Liverpool, UK: Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
• Bray A, Harding C, Pickard R, Drinnan M. Personalised Uroflowmetry Predicts Outcome From Surgery. In: 44th Annual Meeting of the International Continence Society (ICS). 2014, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• Bray A, Robson W, Griffiths C, Harding C, Pickard R, Drinnan M. No Improvement in Home Flow Rates in a Quarter of Men Undergoing Transurethral Resection of the Prostate (TURP). In: 43rd Annual Meeting of the International Continence Society. 2013, Barcelona, Spain: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
• Constable L, Cotterill N, Cooper D, Glazener C, Drake MJ, Forrest M, Harding C, Kilonzo M, MacLennan G, McCormack K, McDonald A, Mundy A, Norrie J, Pickard R, Ramsay C, Smith R, Wileman S, Abrams P. Male synthetic sling versus artificial urinary sphincter trial for men with urodynamic stress incontinence after prostate surgery (MASTER): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2018, 19(1), 131.
• Morton H, Harding C. Does prior treatment with intravesical botulinum toxin A affect the outcome of sacral neuromodulation evaluation in patients with refractory detrusor overactivity. In: 45th Annual Meeting of the International Continence Society (ICS). 2015, Montreal, Canada: Wiley-Blackwell.
• Jackson MJ, Veeratterapillay R, Harding CK, Dorkin TJ. Intermittent self-dilatation for urethral stricture disease in males. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, (12), CD010258.
• Veeratterapillay R, Pickard RS, Harding C. The role of uroflowmetry in the assessment and management of men with lower urinary tract symptoms - revisiting the evidence. Journal of Clinical Urology 2014, 7(3), 154-158.
• Elhadi M, Younis A, Harding C. A systematic approach to the investigation and treatment of nocturia. Journal of Clinical Urology 2020, 13(2), 99-105.
• Hettiarachchi D, Rogers A, Veeratterapillay R, Harding C. Antibiotic prophylaxis in ureteroscopy—time for a good quality randomised controlled trial?. World Journal of Urology 2021, 39, 2809-2810.
• Rademakers K, Gammie A, Yasmin H, Cardozo L, Greenwell T, Harding C, Kirschner-Hermanns R, Marcelissen T, Finazzi-Agro E. Can multicentre urodynamic studies provide high quality evidence for the clinical effectiveness of urodynamics? ICI-RS 2019. Neurourology and Urodynamics 2020, 39(S3), S30-S35.
• Ribal MJ, Cornford P, Briganti A, Knoll T, Gravas S, Babjuk M, Harding C, Breda A, Bex A, Rassweiler JJ, Gozen AS, Pini G, Liatsikos E, Giannarini G, Mottrie A, Subramaniam R, Sofikitis N, Rocco BMC, Xie L-P, Witjes JA, Mottet N, Ljungberg B, Roupret M, Laguna MP, Salonia A, Bonkat G, Blok BFM, Turk C, Radmayr C, Kitrey ND, Engeler DS, Lumen N, Hakenberg OW, Watkin N, Darraugh J, Shepherd R, Smith E-J, Chapple CR, Stenzl A, Van Poppel H, Wirth M, Sonksen J, N'Dow J. European Association of Urology Guidelines Office Rapid Reaction Group: An Organisation-wide Collaborative Effort to Adapt the European Association of Urology Guidelines Recommendations to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Era. European Urology 2020, 78(1), 21-28.
• Aiello M, Jelski J, Lewis A, Worthington J, McDonald C, Abrams P, Gammie A, Harding C, Biers S, Hashim H, Lane JA, Drake MJ. Quality control of uroflowmetry and urodynamic data from two large multicenter studies of male lower urinary tract symptoms. Neurourology and Urodynamics 2020, 39(4), 1170-1177.
• Hall S, Ahmed S, Reid S, Thiruchewam N, Sahai A, Hamid R, Harding C, Biers S, Parkinson R. A national UK audit of suprapubic catheter insertion practice and rate of bowel injury with comparison to a systematic review and meta‐analysis of available research. Neurourology and Urodynamics 2019, 38(8), 2194-2199.
• Morton S, McGuiness L, Harding C, Thorpe A. A review of surgery and new technology procedures for the management of benign prostatic obstruction. Journal of Clinical Urology 2019, 12(6), 474-486.
• Giarenis I, Malde S, Harding C, Robinson D, Gajewski J, Rahnamai M, Cardozo L. Do we need better information to advise women with stress incontinence on their choice of surgery? Report from the ICI-RS 2018. Neurourology and Urodynamics 2019, 38(S5), S98-S103.
• Drage LKL, Robson W, Mowbray C, Ali A, Perry JD, Walton KE, Harding C, Pickard R, Hall J, Aldridge PD. Elevated urine IL-10 concentrations associate with Escherichia coli persistence in older patients susceptible to recurrent urinary tract infections. Immunity and Ageing 2019, 16(1).
• Sihra N, Kujawa M, Solomon E, Harding C, Sahai A, Malde S. Female stress urinary incontinence MDT. Journal of Clinical Urology 2019, 12(4), 255-265.
• Harding C, Rantell A, Cardozo L, Jacobson SK, Anding R, Kirschner-Hermanns R, Greenwell T, Swamy S, Malde S, Abrams P. How can we improve investigation, prevention and treatment for recurrent urinary tract infections - ICI-RS 2018. Neurourology and Urodynamics 2019, 38(S5), S90-S97.
• MacKenzie KR, Davis J, Harding C, Aning JJ. Patient-reported outcomes and urodynamic findings in men with persistent lower urinary tract symptoms following robot-assisted radical prostatectomy. Neurourology and Urodynamics 2019, 38(5), 1353-1362.
• Cashman S, Biers S, Greenwell T, Harding C, Morley R, Cooper D, Fowler S, Thiruchelvam N, on behalf of the BAUS Section of Female Neurological and Urodynamic Urology. Results of the British Association of Urological Surgeons female stress urinary incontinence procedures outcomes audit 2014–2017. BJU International 2019, 123(1), 149-159.
• Lie MLS, Lecouturier J, Harding C. Should I stay or should I go? A qualitative study exploring participation in a urology clinical trial​. International Urogynecology Journal 2019, 30(1), 9-16.
• Uren AD, Cotterill N, Harding C, Hillary C, Chapple C, Lasch K, Stroupe A, Deshpande C, Delbecque L, Van Koeveringe G, Oelke M, Belal M, Bosch R, Blok B, Nitti V, Gotoh M, Takei M, Crawford B, Klaver M, Bongaerts D, Hakimi Z, Kos T, Abrams P. The development of the ICIQ-UAB: A patient reported outcome measure for underactive bladder. Neurourology and Urodynamics 2019, 38(3), 996-1004.
• Abrams P, Eustice S, Gammie A, Harding C, Kearney R, Rantell A, Reid S, Small D, Toozs-Hobson P, Woodward M. United Kingdom Continence Society: Minimum standards for urodynamic studies, 2018. Neurourology and Urodynamics 2019, 38(2), 838-856.
• Forbes R, Ased A, Abouhajar A, Brennand C, Brown H, Carnell S, Chadwick T, Eardley I, Lecouturier J, Mossop H, Pearce I, Pickard R, Thiruchelvam N, Walton K, Wilkinson J, Harding C. ALternatives To prophylactic Antibiotics for the treatment of Recurrent urinary tract infection in women (ALTAR): study protocol for a multicentre, pragmatic patient‐randomised non‐inferiority trial. Trials 2018, 19, 616.
• Aning JJ, MacKenzie KR, Fabricius M, McColl E, Johnson MI, Tandogdu Z, Soomro NA, Harding C. Detailed analysis of patient-reported lower urinary tract symptoms and effect on quality of life after robotic radical prostatectomy. Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations 2018, 36(8), 364.e15-364.e22.
• Panicker JN, Anding R, Arlandis S, Blok B, Dorrepaal C, Harding C, Marcelissen T, Rademakers K, Abrams P, Apostolidis A. Do we understand voiding dysfunction in women? Current understanding and future perspectives: ICI-RS 2017. Neurourology and Urodynamics 2018, 37(S4), S75-S85.
• Gammie A, Rosier P, Li R, Harding C. How can we maximize the diagnostic utility of uroflow?: ICI-RS 2017. Neurourology and Urodynamics 2018, 37(S4), S20-S24.
• Uren AD, Cotterill N, Harding C, Hillary C, Chapple C, Klaver M, Bongaerts D, Hakimi Z, Abrams P. Reply to Bora Lee and Jae Heon Kim's Letter to the Editor re: Alan D. Uren, Nikki Cotterill, Christopher Harding, et al. Qualitative Exploration of the Patient Experience of Underactive Bladder. Eur Urol 2017;72:402–7. European Urology 2018, 73(1), e15-e16.
• Nobrega R, Greenwell TJ, Pickard R, Ockrim JL, Harding CK. Sacral nerve stimulation versus intravesical botulinum toxin injections for medically refractory overactive bladder: A contemporary review of UK treatment from both clinician and patients’ perspectives. Journal of Clinical Urology 2018, 11(5), 339-344.
• Moon A, Veeratterapillay R, Garthwaite M, Harding C. Urinary tract infection management – do the guidelines agree?. Journal of Clinical Urology 2018, 11(2), 81-87.
• Harding C, Rosier PFWM, Drake MJ, Valentini F, Nelson PP, Goping I, Gammie A. What research is needed to validate new urodynamic methods? ICI-RS2017. Neurourology and Urodynamics 2018, 37(S4), S32-S37.
• Solomon E, Veeratterapillay R, Malde S, Harding C, Greenwell TJ. Can filling phase urodynamic parameters predict the success of the bulbar artificial urinary sphincter in treating post-prostatectomy incontinence?. Neurourology and Urodynamics 2017, 36(6), 1557-1563.
• Rademakers K, Drake MJ, Gammie A, Djurhuus JC, Rosier PFWM, Abrams P, Harding C. Male bladder outlet obstruction: Time to re-evaluate the definition and reconsider our diagnostic pathway? ICI-RS 2015. Neurourology and Urodynamics 2017, 36(4), 894-901.
• Barclay J, Veeratterapillay R, Harding C. Non-antibiotic options for recurrent urinary tract infections in women. BMJ 2017, 359, j5193.
• Moon A, Harding C. Publication rate of abstracts presented at the British Association of Urological Surgeons Annual Meeting – 10 years on. Journal of Clinical Urology 2017, 10(1), 22-27.
• Uren AD, Cotterill N, Harding C, Hillary C, Chapple C, Klaver M, Bongaerts D, Hakimi Z, Abrams P. Qualitative Exploration of the Patient Experience of Underactive Bladder. European Urology 2017, 72(3), 402-407.
• Veeratterapillay R, Fuge O, Haslam P, Harding C, Thorpe A. Renal trauma. Journal of Clinical Urology 2017, 10(4), 379-390.
• Uren AD, Cotterill N, Harding C, Hillary C, Chapple C, Klaver M, Bongaerts D, Hakimi Z, Abrams P. Reply from Authors re: Mikkel Fode, Jens Sønksen. Towards a Greater Understanding of Underactive Bladder. Eur Urol 2017;72:408–9. European Urology 2017, 72(3), 409-410.
• Veeratterapillay R, Lavin V, Thorpe A, Harding C. Posterior tibial nerve stimulation in adults with overactive bladder syndrome: A systematic review of the literature. Journal of Clinical Urology 2016, 9(2), 120-127.
• Harding C, Mossop H, Homer T, Chadwick T, King W, Carnell S, Lecouturier J, Abouhajar A, Vale L, Watson G, Forbes R, Currer S, Pickard R, Eardley I, Pearce I, Thiruchelvam N, Guerrero K, Walton K, Hussain Z, Lazarowicz H, Ali A. Alternative to prophylactic antibiotics for the treatment of recurrent urinary tract infections in women: multicentre, open label, randomised, non-inferiority trial. BMJ 2022, 376, e068229.
• Nambiar AK, Arlandis S, Bo K, Cobussen-Boekhorst H, Costantini E, de Heide M, Farag F, Groen J, Karavitakis M, Lapitan MC, Manso M, Arteaga SM, Riogh ANA, O'Connor E, Omar MI, Peyronnet B, Phe V, Sakalis VI, Sihra N, Tzelves L, van Poelgeest-Pomfret M-L, van den Bos TWL, van der Vaart H, Harding CK. European Association of Urology Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Management of Female Non-neurogenic Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms. Part 1: Diagnostics, Overactive Bladder, Stress Urinary Incontinence, and Mixed Urinary Incontinence. European Urology 2022, 82(1), 49-59.
• Arlandis S, Bo K, Cobussen-Boekhorst H, Costantini E, de Heide M, Farag F, Groen J, Karavitakis M, Lapitan MC, Manso M, Arteaga SM, Nambiar AK, Riogh ANA, O'Connor E, Omar MI, Peyronnet B, Phe V, Sakalis VI, Sihra N, Tzelves L, van Poelgeest-Pomfret M-L, van den Bos TWL, van der Vaart H, Harding CK. European Association of Urology Guidelines on the Management of Female Non-neurogenic Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms. Part 2: Underactive Bladder, Bladder Outlet Obstruction, and Nocturia. European Urology 2022, 82(1), 60-70.
• Harding C, Chadwick T, Homer T, Lecouturier J, Mossop H, Carnell S, King W, Abouhajar A, Vale L, Watson G, Forbes R, Currer S, Pickard R, Eardley I, Pearce I, Thiruchelvam N, Guerrero K, Walton K, Hussain Z, Lazarowicz H, Ali A. Methenamine hippurate compared with antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent recurrent urinary tract infections in women: the ALTAR non-inferiority RCT. Health Technology Assessment 2022, 26(23), 1-172.
• Mowbray C, Tan A, Vallee M, Fisher H, Chadwick T, Brennand C, Walton KE, Pickard RS, Harding C, Aldridge PA, Hall J. Multidrug-resistant Uro-associated Escherichia coli Populations and Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections in Patients Performing Clean Intermittent Self-catheterisation. European Urology Open Science 2022, 37, 90-98.
• Whitehead S, Gravestock P, Harding C, Veeratterapillay R. Patients’ perspectives on telephone outpatients during a pandemic. Irish Journal of Medical Science 2022.
• Purchase T, Trilloe G, Ahmed H, Agarwal R, Bray A, Hood K, Thomas-Jones E, Drake MJ, Harding C, Edwards A. Polypharmacy and Smoking as Potentially Modifiable Risk Factors Associated with Symptom Severity in Men with Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms in Primary Care: Findings from the PriMUS Study. European Urology Focus 2022, 8(1), 8-10.
• Gravestock P, Moore L, Harding C, Veeratterapillay R. Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis: a review and meta-analysis with a focus on management. International Urology and Nephrology 2022, 54, 2445–2456.
• Pietropaolo A, Geraghty RM, Veeratterapillay R, Rogers A, Kallidonis P, Villa L, Boeri L, Montanari E, Atis G, Emiliani E, Sener TE, Al Jaafari F, Fitzpatrick J, Shaw M, Harding C, Somani BK. A machine learning predictive model for post-ureteroscopy urosepsis needing intensive care unit admission: A case–control yau endourology study from nine european centres. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2021, 10(17), 3888.
• Pang KH, Chapple CR, Chatters R, Downey AP, Harding CK, Hind D, Watkin N, Osman NI. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Adjuncts to Minimally Invasive Treatment of Urethral Stricture in Men. European Urology 2021, 80(4), 467-479.
• Hargreaves E, Harding C, Clarkson C. Acupuncture in addition to standard conservative treatment for overactive bladder; a feasibility trial for a randomized controlled study. Neurourology and Urodynamics 2021, 40(7), 1770-1779.
• Peyronnet B, Lapitan MC, Tzelves L, O'Connor E, Nic An Riogh A, Manso M, Yuhong Yuan C, Arlandis S, Bo K, Costantini E, Farag F, Groen J, Nambiar A, Phe V, van der Vaart H, Imran Omar M, Harding C. Benefits and Harms of Conservative, Pharmacological, and Surgical Management Options for Women with Bladder Outlet Obstruction: A Systematic Review from the European Association of Urology Non-neurogenic Female LUTS Guidelines Panel. European Urology Focus 2022, 8(5), 1340-1361.
• Reid S, Brocksom J, Hamid R, Ali A, Thiruchelvam N, Sahai A, Harding C, Biers S, Belal M, Barrett R, Taylor J, Parkinson R. British Association of Urological Surgeons (BAUS) and Nurses (BAUN) consensus document: management of the complications of long-term indwelling catheters. BJU International 2021, 128(6), 667-677.
• Biers SM, Harding C, Belal M, Thiruchelvam N, Hamid R, Sahai A, Parkinson R, Barratt R, Ali A, Reid S. British Association of Urological Surgeons (BAUS) consensus document: Management of female voiding dysfunction. BJU International 2022, 129(2), 151-159.
• Morton S, Wilczek Y, Harding C. Complications of synthetic mesh inserted for stress urinary incontinence. BJU International 2021, 127(1), 4-11.
• Joshi H, Sali G, Paramore L, Jones R, Lazarowicz H, Kujawa ML, Pandit A, David R, Wilson K, Bates C, Shergill I, Gan C, El-Husseiny T, Mukhtar B, Appanna T, Veeratterapillay R, Harding C, Crockett M, Dawson C, Simpson R, Zelhof B, Starmer B, Mukherjee R, Bourdoumis A, Jelski J, Hashim H, McCabe J, Shaw G, Chow K, Betts C. Current process and outcomes of the surgical management of LUTS due to benign prostatic enlargement: how consistent are we? – results from the multi-institutional audit of surgical management of BPE (AuSuM BPE) in the United Kingdom. Scottish Medical Journal 2021, 66(2), 58-65.
• Milosevic S, Joseph-Williams N, Pell B, Cain E, Hackett R, Murdoch F, Ahmed H, Joy Allen A, Bray A, Thomas-Jones E, Harding C, Edwards A. Managing lower urinary tract symptoms in primary care: Qualitative study of GPs' and patients' experiences. British Journal of General Practice 2021, 71(710), E685-E692.
• Sachdeva A, Nambiar A, Rai BP, Veeratterapillay R, Harding C. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for treating symptomatic uncomplicated urinary tract infections in non-pregnant adult women. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2021, 2021(11).
• Abrams P, Constable LD, Cooper D, MacLennan G, Drake MJ, Harding C, Mundy A, McCormack K, McDonald A, Norrie J, Ramsay C, Smith R, Cotterill N, Kilonzo M, Glazener C. Outcomes of a Noninferiority Randomised Controlled Trial of Surgery for Men with Urodynamic Stress Incontinence After Prostate Surgery (MASTER). European Urology 2021, 79(6), 812-823.
• Edney S, Basu AP, Harding C, Pennington L. Short-term feeding outcomes after neonatal brain injury. Journal of Neonatal Nursing 2022, 28(4), 265-269.
• Aning JJ, Calvert RC, Harding C, Fowler S, Nitkunan T, Lee S-M, McGrath JS, Cresswell J, Hagan P, Hermans L, Dickinson AJ. UK national bladder outlet obstruction surgery snapshot audit. BJU International 2021, 129(5), 634-641.
• Feeney C, Gorman G, Stefanetti R, McFarland R, Turnbull D, Harding C, Sachdeva A. Lower urinary tract dysfunction in adult patients with mitochondrial disease. Neurourology and Urodynamics 2020, 39(8), 2253-2263.
• Barea BM, Veeratterapillay R, Harding C. Nonantibiotic treatments for urinary cystitis: an update. Current opinion in urology 2020, 30(6), 845-852.